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1.
Salud pública Méx ; 55(1): 43-56, ene.-feb.. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-662974

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Cuantificar la asociación entre orientación al rol de género y uso de tabaco y alcohol en jóvenes del estado de Morelos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal realizado en 2004-2005, en jóvenes de 14 a 24 años (n=1 730). Variables sociodemográficas (zona de residencia, nivel socioeconómico); familiares (educación y violencia paternal); psicosociológicas (rol de género, autoestima, depresión, consumo de alcohol, tabaco, locus de control, abuso sexual). Análisis por regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Factores asociados con uso de tabaco: en mujeres, andrógina, no deseable, machista, intento de abuso sexual y zona urbana. Para hombres, depresión y sumisión. Factores asociados con uso de alcohol: en mujeres, rol masculino, y hombres, edad más de 20 años, vivir en zona semiurbana y urbana y locus interno. CONCLUSIONES: El machismo es una de las orientaciones al rol de género con mayor asociación con el uso de tabaco principalmente en las jóvenes, y la orientación masculina o instrumental se asocia con el alcohol.


OBJECTIVE: To quantify the association between gender role orientation and tobacco and alcohol use among young people of the State of Morelos. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study conducted in 2004-2005, students aged 14 to 24 years (n = 1 730). Sociodemographic variables (area of residence, socioeconomic status), family (parental education and violence), psycho-sociological (gender role, self-esteem, depression, alcohol consumption, tobacco, locus of control, sexual abuse). Logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Factors associated with use of tobacco: In women, being androgynous undesirable, masculine role, attempted sexual abuse and urban areas. For men, depression and submission. Factors associated with alcohol use: In women, masculine gender role; and in men to be older than 20 years, living in semi-urban and urban area, and internal locus. CONCLUSIONS: The machismo is one of the gender role orientations with greater association with the use of tobacco primarily in girls in Mexico, and the masculine or instrumental role with alcohol.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology , Gender Identity , Smoking/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depression , Mexico/epidemiology , Surveys and Questionnaires
2.
Salud pública Méx ; 52(4): 324-333, jul.-ago. 2010. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-552888

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Identificar prevalencias y factores asociados a la ideación e intento suicida en estudiantes adolescentes de México. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal en 12424 adolescentes de escuelas públicas en 2007. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística para obtener razones de momios (RM) con intervalos de confianza de 95 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento). Resultados. 47 por ciento reportó al menos un síntoma de ideación; 9 por ciento refirieron antecedente de intento. Los factores asociados a la conducta suicida fueron: poca confianza en la comunicación hacia los padres (RM=1.30, RM=1.54); abuso sexual (RM=1.92, RM=1.57), sintomatología depresiva (RM=5.36, RM=1.51), consumo de tabaco (RM=1.30, RM=2.57), alcohol (RM=1.60, RM=1.31) y, para las mujeres, haber tenido relaciones sexuales (RM=1.28, RM=1.65). Conclusión. Casi la mitad de los(as) estudiantes del nivel medio superior presentaron al menos un síntoma de ideación. Para disminuir esta problemática se deben considerar los factores asociados: el consumo de sustancias adictivas, género, antecedentes de abuso sexual y depresión.


Objective. To identify the prevalence of and factors associated with suicidal ideation and intent in adolescent students in Mexico. Material and Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 12 424 students from public schools in 2007. We used logistic regression to obtain odds ratios (OR) with 95 percent confidence intervals. Results. A total of 47 percent of the students reported at least one suicidal ideation symptom and 9 percent reported an antecedent of suicidal intent. Factors associated with suicide ideation and intent include low confidence in communication with parents (OR=1.30; OR=1.54), sexual abuse (OR=1.92; OR=1.57), depressive symptoms (OR=5.36; OR=1.51), tobacco use (OR=1.30; OR=2.57), alcohol use (OR=1.60; OR=1.31) and, for women, having had sexual relations (OR=1.28; OR=1.65). Conclusions. Roughly 50 percent of high school students had at least one symptom of suicidal ideation. To lessen this problem, associated factors should be considered, including consumption of addictive substances, gender, history of sexual abuse and depression.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Suicidal Ideation , Suicide, Attempted/statistics & numerical data , Cross-Sectional Studies , Mexico/epidemiology , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Young Adult
3.
Salud pública Méx ; 52(2): 156-164, Mar.-Apr. 2010. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-553401

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el conocimiento y uso de anticoncepción de emergencia (AE), y factores asociados en estudiantes de escuelas públicas en Morelos, México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal realizado entre 2003-2004 con 1550 estudiantes de 14-24 años. Se utilizó regresión logística para identificar factores asociados al conocimiento correcto sobre AE. RESULTADOS: El 40 por ciento fueron hombres y 60 por ciento mujeres con edad promedio de 19 años. El 60 por ciento ha escuchado sobre AE pero únicamente 45 por ciento tiene conocimiento correcto; 3 por ciento de los estudiantes sexualmente activos la ha usado. Factores asociados al conocimiento correcto: ser mujer (RM=1.66; IC 1.33, 2.06), haber tenido relaciones sexuales (RM=1.77; IC 1.43, 2.18), nivel socioeconómico medio (RM=1.87; IC 1.04, 3.37), vivir en zona semi-urbana (RM=1.34; IC 1.02, 1.77), tomar alcohol (RM=1.78; IC 1.42, 2.22). CONCLUSIONES: En Morelos, el conocimiento de los adolescentes sobre la AE es escaso. La transmisión de mensajes claros sobre su forma precisa de uso resulta necesaria.


OBJECTIVE: To evaluate emergency contraception (EC) knowledge and use as well as identify factors associated to correct EC knowledge among public schools students in Morelos, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in 2003-2004 in a sample of 1550 students (ages 14-24). Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated to EC correct knowledge. RESULTS: Among all, 40 percent were men and 60 percent women with an average age of 19 years. Sixty percent have heard about EC, nevertheless, only 45 percent have correct knowledge about it; 3 percent of sexually active students (43 percent) reported its use. Factors associated to EC correct knowledge are: being a woman (OR=1.66; CI 1,33, 2,06), being sexually active (OR=1.77; CI 1,43, 2,18), middle income (OR=1.87; CI 1,04, 3,37), living in a semi-urban zone (OR=1.34; CI 1,02, 1,77), drinking alcohol (OR=1.78; CI 1,42, 2,22). CONCLUSIONS: In Morelos, adolescents' knowledge of EC is scarce. Specific messages regarding its correct use are necessary.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Contraception, Postcoital , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Cross-Sectional Studies , Mexico , Surveys and Questionnaires , Students , Young Adult
4.
Rev. saúde pública ; 43(3): 506-514, maio-jun. 2009. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-512996

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia y los factores asociados al abuso sexual en niñez y adolescencia. MÉTODOS: Estudio realizado en una muestra de estudiantes del estado de Morelos, México, en 2004-2005. Los participantes (n=1730) pertenecen a una cohorte de 13.293 estudiantes de 12 a 24 años. Los datos fueron colectados mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario conteniendo secciones de escalas validadas. Las variables analizadas fueron: factores sociodemográficos (sexo, zona de habitación, nivel socioeconómico); familiares (educación de los padres, adicciones de los padres, violencia entre padres); psicológicos individuales (autoestima - Inventario de Autoestima de Coopersmith, depresión, consumo de alcohol); violencia intrafamiliar (Escala de Strauss); y abuso sexual. Mediante regresión logística múltiple se evaluaron los factores asociados. Se obtuvieron Razones de Momios (RM) con intervalos de confianza al 95%. RESULTADOS: El 4.7% (n=80) de los (as) estudiantes presentaron intento de abuso y el 2.9% (n=50) fueron víctimas de abuso sexual consumado. Las mujeres tuvieron mayor prevalencia de intento (6.1%). El 3.6% de las mujeres y el 1.9% de los hombres fueron abusados sexualmente. Principal agresor en mujeres fue el novio y en hombres una persona desconocida. Edad promedio de 12.02 años en mujeres y 11.71 en hombres. Factores asociados al abuso: mayor consumo de alcohol padres (RM = 3.37; IC 95% 1.40;8.07); violencia hacia madre (RM=4.49; IC 95% 1.54;13.10); ser mujer (RM = 2.47; IC 95% 1.17;5.24); ser víctima de violencia intrafamiliar alta (RM=3.58; IC 95% 1.32;9.67). Autoestima alta fue un factor protector (RM=0.27; IC 95% 0.09;0.75). CONCLUSIONES: En promedio el abuso sexual se presenta a los 12 años de edad en ambos sexos, siendo más frecuente en el sexo femenino. La mayoría de víctimas no lo denuncia.


OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence.METHODS: Study conducted in a sample of students in the state of Morelos, Mexico, in 2004-2005. Participants (n=1730) were drawn from a cohort of 13,293 students aged 12 to 24 years. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire comprising parts of validated scales. The variables studied were: sociodemographic (gender, living area, socioeconomic status), family (parental education, parental addictions, violence between parents), individual psychological factors (self-esteem assessed using the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, depression, alcohol consumption), intrafamily violence (assessed through Strauss Scale) and sexual abuse. Multiple logistic regression assessed the risk factors associated. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals were estimated.RESULTS: Of all students studied, 4.7% (n=80) reported attempted sexual abuse and 2.9% (n=50) were victims of consummated sexual abuse. Women had higher prevalence of attempted (6.1%) abuse; 3.6% of females and 1.9% of men were sexually abused. Main perpetrators were boyfriends in women and a stranger in men. Mean age was 12.02 years old among females and 11.71 years old among men. Factors found to be associated with abuse: high parental alcohol consumption (OR = 3.37, 95% CI 1.40;8.07), violence toward the mother (OR = 4.49, 95% CI 1.54;13.10), female gender (OR = 2.47, 95% CI 1.17;5.24), being a victim of great domestic violence (OR = 3.58, 95% CI 1.32;9.67). High self-esteem was a protective factor (OR = 0.27, 95% CI 0.09;0.75). CONCLUSIONS: Overall sexual abuse occurs at the age of 12 in both males and females, and it is more frequent among females. Most victims do not report abuse.


OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência e fatores associados ao abuso sexual infantil e na adolescência. MÉTODOS: Estudo realizado em amostra de estudantes do estado de Morelos, México, entre 2004 e 2005. Os participantes (n=1730) pertencem a uma coorte de 13.293 estudantes de 12 a 24 anos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário formado por partes de escalas validadas. As variáveis analisadas foram: fatores sociodemográficos (sexo, zona de residência, nível socioeconômico); familiares (educação dos pais, vícios dos pai, violência entre pais); psicológicos individuais (autoestima- Inventario de Autoestima de Coopersmith, depressão, consumo de álcool); violência intrafamiliar (Escala de Strauss); e abuso sexual. As variáveis dependentes analisadas foram a intenção e o abuso sexual consumado. Os fatores associados foram analisados por meio de regressão logística múltipla, com odds ratios e respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC 95%). RESULTADOS: Do total, 4,7% (n=80) dos alunos reportaram terem sofrido intenção de abuso e 2,9% foram vítimas de abuso sexual consumado. As mulheres relataram maior prevalência de intenção (6,1%). Foram abusados sexualmente 3,6% das mulheres e 1,9% dos homens. O principal agressor das mulheres foi o namorado e dos homens, uma pessoa desconhecida. A idade do abuso foi de 12,02 anos para mulheres e 11,71 para os homens. Os fatores associados ao abuso foi o maior consumo de álcool pelos pais (RM = 3.37; IC 95% 1.40;8.07); violência contra a mãe (OR=4.49; IC 95%1.54;13.10); ser mulher (OR= 2.47; IC 95%1.17;5.24); ser vítima de violência intrafamiliar alta (OR=3.58; IC 95%1.32;9.67). Autoestima alta foi um fator protetor (RM=0.27; IC 95% 0.09;0.75). CONCLUSÕES: A média de idade do abuso sexual foi de 12 anos em ambos os sexos, sendo mais freqüente entre as do sexo feminino. A maioria das vítimas não denuncia o abuso.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Child Abuse, Sexual/statistics & numerical data , Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology , Child Abuse, Sexual/classification , Child Abuse, Sexual/psychology , Demography , Domestic Violence/statistics & numerical data , Epidemiologic Methods , Mexico/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Self Concept , Socioeconomic Factors , Students , Young Adult
5.
Salud pública Méx ; 49(supl.2): s170-s181, 2007. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-454164

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Identificar la susceptibilidad cognitiva a fumar y los factores asociados en estudiantes de 12 a 15 años. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizó la medición basal de una encuesta autoaplicable en 12 293 estudiantes no fumadores de escuelas secundarias, en el ciclo 2005-2006. Susceptible es aquel que contestó que aceptará un cigarrillo de su mejor amigo y cree que el año próximo fumará. Se obtuvieron modelos de regresión logística de multinivel. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de susceptibilidad fue de 30 por ciento. Los factores asociados fueron autoestima baja (RM = 1.2, IC95 por ciento 1.0-1.5), búsqueda de nuevas sensaciones (RM = 1.6, IC95 por ciento 1.3-2.0) y actitud favorable a fumar (RM = 2.6, IC95 por ciento 2.2-3.2), así como permisividad social reflejada en reglas del hogar (RM = 2.2, IC95 por ciento 1.7-2.8). Sólo en mujeres existió interacción entre permisividad de fumar en el hogar y consumo de tabaco en padres (RM = 2.1, IC95 por ciento 1.1-3.8). CONCLUSIONES: La prevención debe promover la sensibilización de profesores y padres de familia como modelos antitabaco e incentivar hogares libres de tabaco.


OBJECTIVE: To identify the cognitive susceptibility to smoking and associated factors in students between 12 and 15 years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The baseline measurement of a self-administered survey conducted between 2005 and 2006 of 12 293 non-smoking high school students was analyzed. Susceptibility was considered to be a student who would accept a cigarette from his or her best friend and would smoke the following year. Multilevel logistic regression models were obtained. RESULTS: The prevalence of susceptibility was 30 percent. Associated factors were low self-esteem (RM = 1.2, IC95 percent 1.0-1.5), seeking new sensations (RM = 1.6, IC95 percent 1.3-2.0) and a favorable attitude towards smoking (RM = 2.6, IC95 percent 2.2-3.2), as well as the social permissibility reflected in the norms at home (RM = 2.2, IC95 percent 1.7-2.8). The interaction between permissibility of smoking at home and tobacco consumption by parents existed only for females (RM = 2.1, IC95 percent 1.1-3.8). CONCLUSIONS: Prevention should promote the sensitization of the familyÆs parents and teachers as anti-smoking models and encourage tobacco-free homes.

6.
Salud pública Méx ; 48(supl.2): s268-s278, 2006. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-436457

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Cuantificar la asociación que existe entre el abuso físico y sexual durante la niñez y la violencia durante la edad adulta en una muestra representativa de usuarias de los servicios de salud en México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizaron datos provenientes de una encuesta nacional, con una muestra de 26 042 mujeres mayores de 14 años, quienes acudieron a consulta a los servicios públicos de salud entre octubre de 2002 y marzo de 2003, en los 32 estados de la República. Se utilizaron dos modelos: a) Modelo de regresión logística politómica múltiple para explorar las asociaciones entre violencia física y sexual por parte de la pareja y violencia durante la niñez. b) Modelo de regresión logística múltiple para evaluar la asociación entre violación durante la edad adulta y violencia durante la niñez. RESULTADOS: Se encontró una asociación entre experimentar violencia física durante la niñez, y padecer violencia física y sexual por parte de la pareja o sufrir violación durante la edad adulta. Cuando la mujer informó que había recibido golpes "casi siempre" durante la niñez, era más probable que experimentara violencia física y sexual (RM=3.1; IC95 por ciento 2.6-3.7) y violación (RM=2.9; IC95 por ciento 2.4-3.6) durante la edad adulta. Además, mientras más frecuente había sido la violencia durante la niñez, era mayor la posibilidad de que la mujer sufriera violencia posteriormente. Asimismo, se encontró una asociación positiva entre violencia física y sexual por parte de la pareja y abuso sexual antes de los 15 años de edad. (RM=2.8; IC95 por ciento 2.2-3.5). La violación sufrida en la edad adulta también estuvo asociada al abuso sexual antes de los 15 años de edad (RM=11.8; IC95 por ciento 10.2-13.7). CONCLUSIONES: La violencia sufrida durante la niñez crea un cuadro de resultados negativos, tanto psicológicos como físicos, y uno de ellos es la revictimización. Es decir, las mujeres que son víctimas de violencia durante la niñez tienen una mayor probabilidad de sufrirla durante la edad adulta. El abuso físico y sexual durante la niñez debe prevenirse o, en su defecto, detectarse y tratarse.


OBJECTIVE: To quantify the association between physical and sexual abuse during childhood and violence during adulthood in a representative sample of female health care users in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire was administered to 26 042 women over 14 years of age who sought medical consultation from public health care services between October 2002 and March 2003, in all 32 states in Mexico. Two models were constructed: a) Multiple polytomic logistic regression models to explore the association between violent victimization by the partner during adulthood and violence during childhood. b) Multiple logistic regression models to explore the association between experiencing rape during adulthood and violence during childhood. RESULTS: Among women studied, an association was found between experiencing physical violence during childhood and suffering physical and sexual violence from the male partner or experiencing rape, during adulthood. When physical violence during childhood occurred "almost always", it was more likely that the woman undergo physical and sexual violence (OR=3.1; 95 percentCI 2.6-3.7) and rape (OR=2.9; 95 percentCI 2.4-3.6), during her adult life. In addition, when violence during childhood was more frequent, the likelihood of experiencing violence during adulthood was greater. A positive association was found between physical and sexual abuse before 15 years of age (OR=2.8; 95 percentCI 2.2-3.5). Experiencing rape during adulthood was also associated with sexual abuse before 15 years of age (OR=11.8; 95 percentCI 10.2-13.7). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of Mexican women, both physical and sexual violence during childhood has negative results during adulthood, including a greater likelihood of revictimization by the male partner and rape. Physical and sexual abuse during childhood must be prevented or at least detected and treated.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Battered Women/statistics & numerical data , Child Abuse/statistics & numerical data , Crime Victims/statistics & numerical data , Spouse Abuse/statistics & numerical data , Age Factors , Child Abuse, Sexual/statistics & numerical data , Mexico , Surveys and Questionnaires
7.
Salud pública Méx ; 48(supl.2): s288-s296, 2006. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-436459

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Conocer la prevalencia de la violencia durante el noviazgo y su nexo con la depresión y las conductas de riesgo en una muestra de estudiantes femeninas del estado de Morelos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: El estudio se efectuó en una cohorte de 13 293 estudiantes de 12 a 24 años de edad de escuelas públicas del estado de Morelos durante el ciclo escolar 1998-1999. Los participantes provienen de una selección aleatoria de 260 escuelas secundarias, 92 escuelas preparatorias y una universidad. Para fines de la investigación se seleccionó a un total de 4 587 alumnas, todas con el antecedente de relaciones de noviazgo. Para controlar las posibles variables de confusión, se recurrió a un análisis de regresión logística múltiple. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia total de violencia durante el noviazgo en mujeres de escuelas públicas de Morelos fue de 28 por ciento. Las siguientes variables se vincularon con violencia durante el noviazgo: depresión (RM=1.92; IC95 por ciento 1.61-2.28); consumo de tabaco (RM=1.31; IC95 por ciento 1.06-1.60); abuso de alcohol (RM=1.30; IC95 por ciento 1.12-1.51); bajo rendimiento escolar (promedio de calificaciones de 7 o menor) (RM=1.25; IC95 por ciento 1.03-1.52); antecedente de relaciones sexuales (RM=1.52; IC95 por ciento 1.26-1.82). CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados indican con claridad que las mujeres sufren violencia de pareja desde las relaciones de noviazgo. Los profesionales de la salud y la educación requieren establecer medidas de intervención para prevenir y atender el problema de la violencia en el noviazgo entre las estudiantes; tales medidas deben tomar en cuenta la relación entre la depresión y la violencia, además del conjunto de comportamientos riesgosos relacionados.


OBJECTIVE: Determine the prevalence of dating violence and its association with depression and various risk behaviors in a sample of female students from the state of Morelos. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a baseline cohort study of a sample of 13 293 students from 12 to 24 years of age who attended public schools in the state of Morelos during the 1998-1999 school year. The participants were selected from a random sample of 260 junior high schools, 92 high schools and one university. For the purpose of this analysis, a total of 4 587 female students who had a previous dating relationship were selected. To control for possible confounding variables, multiple logistic regression analysis was used. RESULTS: The total prevalence of dating violence in females who attended public schools in Morelos was 28 percent. The following variables were associated with dating violence: depression (OR= 1.92; 95 percentCI 1.61-2.28); tobacco smoking (OR= 1.31; 95 percentCI 1.06-1.60); alcohol abuse (OR= 1.30, 95 percentCI 1.12-1.51); poor academic performance (low grades) (OR= 1.25; 95 percentCI 1.03-1.52); a history of sexual relations (OR= 1.52; 95 percentCI 1.26-1.82). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study clearly indicate that women experience partner violence beginning with dating during adolescence. Health and education professionals need to establish intervention strategies to prevent or treat dating violence among female students. Such strategies should take into account the association between depression and violence, as well as other related risk behaviors.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Depression/epidemiology , Depression/etiology , Risk-Taking , Spouse Abuse/statistics & numerical data , Cohort Studies , Mexico , Prevalence
8.
Salud pública Méx ; 44(5): 385-391, sept.-oct. 2002.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-331702

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To design an instrument for measuring beliefs about the social, psychological, and physiological consequences of women's climacteric stage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 340 women affiliated to Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales para los Trabajadores del Estado (Institute for Social Services and Security for State Workers, ISSSTE) (age mean = 49.46, (SD 7.92). The mean number of pregnancies in the sample was 3.75 (SD 2.57), and the mean number of born children was 3.21 (SD 2.19); 48 of women were premenopausal, 10.9 perimenopausal, and 40.6 postmenopausal. The instrument consisted of 25 items. RESULTS: A factorial analysis with Varimax rotation was carried out. Four factors were confirmed: disadvantages (alpha = 0.769), advantages (alpha = 0.839), physiological (alpha = 0.659), and psychological (alpha = 0.711). CONCLUSION: This instrument shows good internal consistency, and measures four climacteric belief groups: a) beliefs on disadvantages, b) beliefs on advantages, c) beliefs on physiological ailments, and d) beliefs on psychological symptoms. All three confirmed dimensions of the climacteric phase have been proposed in other studies.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Climacteric , Culture , Surveys and Questionnaires , Parity , Menopause , Mexico , Socioeconomic Factors , Postmenopause/psychology , Premenopause/psychology
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